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The extent of cardiomycyte loss after ischaemia determines the subsequent inflammatory response and loss of function. Knowledge of initial infarct size (Table 1) is therefore important to allow proper interpretation of later events. Infarct size can be assessed histologically by staining fresh tissue slices with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride, which discriminates between metabolically active tissue (2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride reduced to red 1,3,5-triphenylformazan) and inactive tissue (white; Scherrer-Crosbie et al. 2007), but clearly no subsequent investigation of infarct healing is feasible. The gold-standard method for in vivo assessment of infarct injury is three-dimensional delayed contrast-enhanced MRI, which depends on administration of gadolinium-based contrast agents that diffuse from the intravascular see more into the interstitial space but are unable to enter intact cells (Bohl et al. 2009). After 10�C40 min, depending on the route of administration, the agent is washed out of healthy myocardium but remains in infarct areas, creating a bright signal on magnetic resonance images (Fig. 1). Infarct injury can be overestimated if Gd-based imaging is carried out too early after induction of MI (Osimertinib cost infarct tissue using positron emission tomography (Gargiulo et al. 2012), and detection of non-perfused infarcted myocardium by microbubble contrast agents is also feasible with ultrasound (Raher et al. 2007). Alternatively, troponin I, released by injured cardiomyocytes into the plasma, can be assayed using a small (100 ��l) tail vein sample collected 24 h after MI, providing a good estimation of injury that correlates well with histological and in vivo imaging methods. The goal with all interventions is to prevent structural remodelling and loss of ventricular function after MI. Magnetic resonance imaging provides the gold-standard approach for three-dimensional GPX4 assessment of structure and function (Fig. 2), both global (Schneider et al. 2006) and regional (Zhong et al. 2011; Dall��Armellina et al. 2012). However, high-frequency ultrasound (Moran et al. 2013) offers a good and faster alternative, particularly when used in two-dimensional B-mode for acquisition of long-axis images (Fig. 3A). One-dimensional M-mode must be used with caution in the infarcted left ventricle, when changes in shape make outputs particularly sensitive to positioning of the ultrasound beam (Fig. 3B).