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As in the previous region, a significant effect of Picture was also observed, with more looks to the target in the Pictures Present condition. Region 4: Silence In the 1-s interval of silence following the end of the sentence (Figure ?(Figure3D)3D) the effect of Interference interacted with Picture, such that the proportion of looks to the target picture was comparable in the Interfering and Non-Interfering conditions when the pictures were present (Tukey test: z = 0.63, p = 0.78), and smaller in the Interfering than in the Non-Interfering condition when the pictures were absent (Tukey test: z = ?4.2, p selleck kinase inhibitor of these effects (Figure ?(Figure2)2) suggests that the absence of an Interference effect in the Pictures condition, as compared to the significant Interference effect detected in the previous sentence regions, could be attributed to a proportional increase in looks to the target picture toward the end of the sentence for the Interfering conditions. We suggest that this effect can be associated with a repair process invoked when listeners realize they have constructed an incorrect interpretation due to interference from distractors. Similar late effects Vatalanib (PTK787) 2HCl of semantic interference vis-��-vis retrieval cues have been observed in reading times (Van Dyke, 2007) and in BOLD signal during fMRI (Glaser et al., 2013). Correct vs. incorrect trials We performed a secondary analysis in which we separated the trials for which the comprehension questions were answered correctly from the ones with the incorrectly answered comprehension questions to assess the role of low accuracy on our results. Figure ?Figure44 presents the time course of fixations for both subsets of trials; Table ?Table55 presents results of mixed-effect modeling. We observed a total of 219 correct trials, resulting in 33,356 total fixations; there was an average selleck chemical of 2.3 items per condition for each participant. We observed a total of 447 inaccurate trials, with a total of 69,374 fixations and 4.7 items per condition per participant. Inspection of the pattern of eye-movements in the two item subsets reveals two important observations (see Table ?Table55 for modeling results). First, the effect of the bias toward the target in Region 1, which was created by the unintentional prosodic cues in the Interference trials, was more pronounced in accurate trials. This is apparent from the larger beta estimates in accurate trials vs. inaccurate trials (see Table ?Table55 for main effect estimates). Post-hoc contrasts of the effect in the Pictures Present condition revealed a larger effect when pictures were present in accurate trials (Tukey test: �� = 0.45, z = 9.00, p
