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A prosthetic joint was classified as infected by the presence of at least one of the following clinical signs and symptoms: (i) repeated growth of the same microorganism from cultures of joint aspirate or periprosthetic tissue; (ii) positive blood cultures; and (iii) purulence surrounding the prosthesis at the time of surgery or identified by joint fluid aspiration. Surgical treatment was classified as conservative when it involved retention of the prosthesis, and non-conservative when it involved removal of all components of the implant. Adequate antibiotic therapy was defined as administration of appropriate antimicrobial agents according Otenabant to susceptibility testing results for at least 8?weeks. In all cases, an infectious disease staff member participated in the management of these patients. The initial assessment of improvement was based on the disappearance of clinical and biological signs at the end of medical treatment. Response to therapy was defined as follows: (i) cured��improvement with no apparent relapse at 24?months of follow-up; (ii) persistence��absence of improvement or initial improvement followed by reappearance of signs of infection during the initial planned course of antibiotic therapy and repeat isolation of the same microorganism, Ribociclib in vitro requiring chronic suppressive antibiotic therapy; (iii) relapse��initial improvement and then recurrence of infection with the same microorganism following discontinuation of antibiotic therapy within the 24-month follow-up Selleckchem MI-773 period; or (iv) re-infection��initial improvement followed by recurrence of infection by a different microorganism within the follow-up period. Death was classified as related or unrelated to prosthesis infection. Treatment failure was defined as follows: (i) persistence of infection needing chronic suppressive therapy; (ii) relapse of infection during follow-up; or (iii) death due to prosthesis-related infection. Statistical analyses were performed with the SPSS software package (version?13.0). Categorical variables are expressed as percentages, and numerical data as the mean (with standard deviation (SD)), median, and range. Categorical variables were compared with the chi-square test or Fisher��s exact test (two-tailed), and continuous variables with the unpaired Student t-test. CSA patients were compared with those with prosthesis removal by comparing the time to treatment failure by use of a Kaplan�CMeier analysis, and curves were then compared using the log-rank test. Stepwise multivariate logistic analysis was performed to identify predictors of treatment failure. A P-value of
