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Briefly, each sterile bag containing 10?mL of media and the pen were sonicated for 7?min. Following sonication, 0.5?mL aliquots were plated onto agar plates and incubated for 48�C72?h. Colony morphology, Gram staining, motility and biochemical characterization were carried out for presumptive identification of common hospital-associated pathogens to genus level for Staphylococcus spp., Enterococcus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Clostridium difficile and members of Family Enterobacteriaceae. Four unused writing pens were used as controls to assure that pens were not previously contaminated with microorganisms. The proportions of pens with specific organisms HER2 inhibitor in the control and intervention groups were compared using the Fisher��s exact test. Twenty-three pens were sampled (intervention group, 10; non-intervention group, 13). Two to eleven patients touched each pen, along with the assigned investigator (median 5), and did not differ between groups. In the non-intervention group 12/13 pens showed bacterial growth compared with 4/10 pens in the intervention group (p?0.019; Table?1). No growth was observed on control pens. Pens in the intervention group were usable for the entire day despite being repeatedly cleaned with alcohol-based sanitizing agent. An average of 370 colony forming units selleck screening library (CFU)/culture plate was found on non-intervention pens and a median of 130?CFU/culture plate were found on intervention pens. Skin commensals, S6 Kinase presumptively Micrococcus spp., were the most commonly found bacteria (11/23). No Gram-negative bacilli, such as Pseudomonas or Family Enterobacteriaceae such as E.?coli, were identified in either group. There was a significant difference in the Gram-positive cocci presumptively identified as Staphylococcus spp. and Enterococcus spp. in the intervention compared with the non-intervention group (p?
