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40) and patients without IPA (86?days; 95%?CI?61.13�C110.86) (log rank, p?DDR1 the isolation of Aspergillus from lower respiratory tract (LRT) samples (e.g. sputum, bronchial aspirate, or bronchoalveolar lavage) is the first indication of IPA, the probability of a non-selected risk patient from whom Aspergillus has been isolated having IPA was calculated to be 12% [7]. Obviously, this probability depends on the underlying condition of the patients: 72% for patients with neutropenia [18,19], 58% for solid organ transplant recipients [18,19], and 28% for critically ill patients [20]. Unfortunately, the probability for patients with COPD is almost unknown [21]. We describe the clinical condition, risk factors and outcome of a large series of 53 patients with COPD and probable IPA collected in a single institution. This retrospective study (January 2000 to December 2007) was carried out in a 1750-bed tertiary hospital in Madrid, Spain, serving a population that grew from 650?000 to 715?000 inhabitants during the study period. LRT samples from patients admitted Veliparib purchase with a diagnosis of COPD were submitted for microbiological culture when this was clinically indicated. IPA is carefully monitored at our hospital, and the usual practice is to follow up every patient with isolation of Aspergillus from clinical samples. During the study period, 100 cases of microbiologically documented probable IPA were recorded. The article does not include a statement of patient consent and the approval of internal review boards, because of its retrospective design. A total of 429 LRT samples yielded Aspergillus. The distribution of samples was as follows: sputum, n?=?240 (55.9%); bronchial aspirate, n?=?142 (33.1%); bronchoalveolar lavage, n?=?30 Temozolomide price (7.0%); and other, n?=?17 (4.0%). All LRT specimens were cultured on conventional media, including sheep blood agar and chocolate agar. Where appropriate, LRT samples were further cultured on fungal media. Cultures were incubated at 32�C37��C for at least 7?days [22]. Aspergillus isolates were identified using standard morphological procedures. The galactomannan level (Platelia; Bio-Rad, Marnes-la-Coquette, France) was determined in serum samples upon request. We used a cut-off of ��0.5?ng/mL to define positivity. Anti-Aspergillus antibodies and precipitins were not measured in samples from these patients.