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Results suggest that prokaryotes are functionally redundant in dark biofilms but functionally selleck chemicals plastic in light biofilms. The more complex and self-serving light-grown biofilm determines a more buffered response to temperature than dark-grown biofilms. Despite the moderate increase in temperature of only 2��C, warming conditions drive significant changes in freshwater biofilms, which responded by finely tuning a complex network of interactions among microbial populations within the biofilm matrix. ""3309" "Drylands are the largest terrestrial biome on Earth and a ubiquitous feature is desert pavement terrain, comprising rocks embedded in the mineral soil surface. Quartz and other translucent rocks are common and microbial communities termed hypoliths develop as biofilms on their ventral surfaces. In extreme deserts these represent major concentrations of biomass, and are emerging as key to geobiological processes and soil stabilization. These highly specialized communities are dominated by cyanobacteria that support diverse heterotrophic assemblages. Here we identify global-scale trends in the ecology of hypoliths that are strongly related to climate, particularly with regard to shifts in cyanobacterial assemblages. A synthesis of available data revealed a linear trend for colonization with regard to climate, and we suggest potential application for hypoliths as ��biomarkers�� of aridity on a landscape scale. The potential to exploit the soil-stabilizing properties of hypolithic colonization in environmental engineering on dryland soils is also discussed. Aridity has Quinapyramine been a widespread global phenomenon since approximately 1.8?Ga and arid environments (here termed deserts or drylands) currently comprise over 30% of the Earth's land mass, representing the most extensive terrestrial biome (Fig.?1) (Thomas, Neratinib clinical trial 1997; Laity, 2008). A widely accepted definition for deserts reflects water deficit by defining deserts as experiencing a precipitation to potential evapotranspiration ratio (P/ETP) of less than 1 (United Nations Environment Program, 1992). Four zones of aridity are recognized using this criterion: sub-humid P/ETP 0.5�C?18��C, and cold deserts