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Intravenous cannulation without any movement, coughing, or laryngospasm was considered successful. The up-and-down sequences were analyzed by the probit test. Results:? The time for effective intravenous cannulation in 50% patients was 1.90?min (95% confidence limits, 1.24�C2.41?min). The time for Flavoprotein effective cannulation in 95% of patient population was 3.32?min (95% confidence limits, 2.68�C6.77?min). Conclusion:? We recommend an optimal time of 3.5?min for attempting intravenous cannulation after the loss of eyelash reflex with sevoflurane induction. ""Objectives:? Analyze pediatric ERG data for adverse events, interventions, and outcomes of propofol sedations performed in near-complete darkness. Aim:? To demonstrate that deep sedation with propofol for ERG can be performed efficiently and safely in children in near-total darkness. Background:? Full-field electroretinography (ERG) is a valuable tool for the diagnosis of vision loss in children. The ERG measures the electrical activity of the retina. In children, ERG quality significantly improves with deep sedation by allowing easier eye electrode placement and selleck chemicals decreasing motion artifacts. As this procedure must be performed in darkness, administering sedation imposes unique challenges. Methods and materials:? ERGs are performed outside of the operating room in our hospital��s electrophysiology suite. IVs are placed, and patients are allowed to adapt to complete darkness. An anesthesiologist then administers propofol sedation in the dark with the aid of a red-filter light source and monitor light shields. Data were collected on 379 patients (411 ERGs) performed from 1996 to 2008. These records were reviewed and analyzed for demographic, medical, and anesthetic data. Results:? Propofol sedation resulted in an ERG completion rate of 99.5%. During sedation, 8.5% (35) of patients experienced minor respiratory complications such as airway obstruction that resulted in an oxygen saturation ABT263 risk factors associated with postoperative adverse respiratory events in preschool-aged children with inhaled foreign bodies (FBs) undergoing rigid bronchoscopy. Background:? Foreign bodies aspiration is the most common cause of admission in pediatric emergency in otolaryngology service. Performance of rigid bronchoscopy is the standard treatment for removal of FBs in children. In some cases, severe respiratory events (complete laryngospasm and pneumothorax) may cause anesthesia-related morbidity and mortality.