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8%) had apnea�Chypopnea index (AHI)?��?5, and 70.5% of them were classified as being at high risk of sleep apnea with BQ and 45.9% of them were classified as having excessive daytime sleepiness with ESS. Being in the high-risk group with the self-reported, BQ predicted an AHI ��?5 with a sensitivity of 0.73 and a specificity of 0.44, vs a sensitivity of 0.46 and Itraconazole a specificity of 0.60 with the self-reported ESS. Sensitivity of BQ (0.80) was highest when we selected the cut-off value of AHI as 30. When we evaluated the predictive accuracy of BQ and ESS together, specificity of both instruments as 0.72 at AHI cut-off value of 5 was found. AHIs were significantly correlated with the scores in each category and the total scores of BQ (P?Vandetanib has concerned the ongoing inflammation �C also in former smokers �C and disease heterogeneity, which provides new knowledge regarding current and ex-smokers with COPD. Many other cardiovascular and respiratory diseases are Verteporfin concentration associated with smoking, and the course of these diseases is not always studied in the context of smoking cessation versus continued smoking. This review summarises the latest available data on health benefits of smoking cessation with focus on both common and infrequent cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Please cite this paper as: Godtfredsen NS and Prescott E. Benefits of smoking cessation with focus on cardiovascular and respiratory comorbidities. Clin Respir J 2011; 5: 187�C194. Tobacco smoking is one of the most hazardous health threats globally, accounting for 6 million deaths annually (2002) mainly because of cardiovascular disease (CVD), such as coronary heart disease (CHD) and respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (1). The mortality burden is estimated to increase to over 1 billion deaths per year in 2025 (1). The impact of smoking on prevalence and incidence of the major smoking related diseases varies according to the smoking attributable fraction, dose�Cresponse relationships (pack-years of smoking) and time since potential smoking cessation.
