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The complete response rate, recurrence rate and adverse effects in the two groups were analyzed. Results: After two treatments, the complete response rates in the combined group (cryotherapy plus ALA-PDT) and cryotherapy U0126 group were 32.4% (36/111) and 32.6% (43/132) in the anal area (P>0.05), 100% (32/32) and 54.5% (18/33) in the urethral meatus (P0.05), 9.4% (3/32) and 39.4% (13/33) in the urethral meatus (Pcheck details terms of photodamage, skin ageing and melanogenesis. Methods: Eight healthy volunteers were included and irradiation with visible blue light was given on five consecutive days. Skin biopsies were analysed with respect to photodamage (p53, vacuolization, sunburn cells), skin ageing (elastosis, MMP-1) and melanogenesis (Melan-A). Results: No inflammatory cells and sunburn cells were visible before or after irradiation. A significant increase in the perinuclear vacuolization of keratinocytes was demonstrated during treatment (P=0.02) with a tendency towards significance after cessation of treatment (P=0.09). No significant change in p53 expression was seen. Signs of elastosis and changes in MMP-1 expression were absent. Minimal clinical hyperpigmentation of the irradiated crotamiton skin was confirmed histologically with a significant increase in Melan-A-positive cells (P=0.03). Conclusions: Visible blue light, as given in the present study, does not cause deoxyribonucleic acid damage or early photo-ageing. The biological effects of blue light on normal skin are transient melanogenesis and inexplicable vacuolization without resulting apoptosis. In conclusion, the (short-term) use of visible blue light in dermatological practice is safe. ""Background: Ultraviolet (UV)A protective properties of dihydroxyacetone (DHA) have been used as a topical UV-resisting barrier to optimize psoralens and UVA (turbo-PUVA). Starting doses and increments were based on the DHA diffuse reflectance spectroscopy-derived protection factor.